For years, scientists believed that Jupiter’s unique interior was formed by a massive collision in its youth. However, new research suggests that this theory may be incorrect. A recent study published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society found that Jupiter’s diffuse core is not the result of a cataclysmic event, but rather developed gradually as it absorbed both heavy and light elements during its formation.
Researchers used cutting-edge supercomputer simulations to test whether a massive collision could have created Jupiter’s dilute core. The study found that such an impact would quickly re-settle, leaving a distinct boundary between the dense rock and ice core material and the surrounding layers of hydrogen and helium. This contradicts the existing theory that a giant impact mixed up the central region of the gas giant.
The discovery strengthens the idea that these structures form gradually during planetary growth and evolution. If dilute cores aren’t made by rare, extreme impacts, it’s possible that most or all of Jupiter-sized exoplanets have comparably complex interiors. This study could help scientists better understand the formation and composition of our solar system’s largest planets.
The findings also support previous research on Saturn, which recently revealed evidence of a dilute core. The study’s lead author, Dr. Thomas Sandnes, stated that giant impacts “literally shake the planet to its core” but not in a way that explains Jupiter’s interior. Co-author Dr. Jacob Kegerreis added that giant impacts are an important part of planetary history but can’t explain everything.
The research team from Durham University and NASA collaborated on this project, which accelerated the development of new simulation techniques for catastrophic events. The discovery paves the way for further exploration of the Solar System’s diversity of worlds.
Source: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/08/250821224559.htm