A recent surge of submarine volcanic eruptions has reshaped Tonga’s Home Reef, creating a small island over 12 hectares in size. Satellite imagery captures the dramatic transformation as lava cools into solid rock, while discolored waters hint at ongoing activity.
The first eruption occurred in 2022, adding new land to Tonga’s island chain in the South Pacific. Subsequent eruptions further increased its size, with the most recent activity adding another 3.7 hectares in December 2024 and January 2025. Scientists say that the rapid transformation is a result of effusive flows forming hard material on the ocean floor.
The surrounding waters display unusual colors, suggesting ongoing volcanic activity. Geologists note that underwater eruptions can have mixed effects on marine ecosystems, both beneficial and harmful. However, this new land offers more habitat for pioneer species such as bacteria, algae, lichens, insects, and seabirds.
Tonga’s Home Reef is situated within the Tonga-Kermadec subduction zone, a region of high volcanic activity due to three colliding tectonic plates. Unlike neighboring volcano Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha‘apai, which caused widespread damage in 2022, Home Reef’s eruptions have had little impact on people.
Scientists emphasize the importance of monitoring submarine volcanoes using satellites, as they offer a safe and effective way to track activity. As researchers continue to study this phenomenon, it remains to be seen how long the current island will last and what implications its formation may hold for the surrounding ecosystem.
Source: https://scitechdaily.com/a-fiery-new-island-is-rising-from-the-ocean-and-scientists-are-watching