Pygmy seahorses are remarkable creatures that have mastered the art of camouflage, allowing them to blend into their coral surroundings. A team of Chinese and German scientists has discovered how these tiny marine vertebrates evolved this unique trait by losing genes over time. By studying the pygmy seahorse’s genome, the researchers found that they lost 438 complete genes and 635 genes with mutations that render them nonfunctional. This genetic loss is responsible for their distinctive traits, such as their miniature head and coral-like snout.
The scientists also discovered that pygmy seahorses have significantly weaker immune systems than other fish due to the loss of MHC genes, which are crucial for fighting off pathogens. However, this reduced immunity may be compensated by their symbiotic relationship with corals, which produce antimicrobial compounds to protect both species. Furthermore, the researchers speculate that the loss of certain genes may have allowed male seahorses to carry their young, a unique trait in the marine world.
The study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences suggests that the pygmy seahorse’s extraordinary adaptations are the result of extensive gene and regulatory element loss linked to their symbiotic lifestyle. The researchers’ findings provide new insights into the evolution of these fascinating creatures and highlight the importance of continued scientific research into the natural world.
Source: https://phys.org/news/2025-08-genes-pygmy-seahorse-master-disguise.html